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255 padding-left: 0.5em;
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258 <title>GIT Glossary</title>
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262 <h1>GIT Glossary</h1>
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264 <div id="preamble">
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265 <div class="sectionbody">
\r
266 <p>This list is sorted alphabetically:</p>
\r
269 <a id="ref_alternate_object_database"></a>alternate object database
\r
273 Via the alternates mechanism, a <a href="#ref_repository">repository</a> can
\r
274 inherit part of its <a href="#ref_object_database">object database</a> from another
\r
275 <a href="#ref_object_database">object database</a>, which is called "alternate".
\r
279 <a id="ref_bare_repository"></a>bare repository
\r
283 A <a href="#ref_bare_repository">bare repository</a> is normally an appropriately
\r
284 named <a href="#ref_directory">directory</a> with a <tt>.git</tt> suffix that does not
\r
285 have a locally checked-out copy of any of the files under
\r
286 <a href="#ref_revision">revision</a> control. That is, all of the <tt>git</tt>
\r
287 administrative and control files that would normally be present in the
\r
288 hidden <tt>.git</tt> sub-<a href="#ref_directory">directory</a> are directly present in
\r
289 the <tt><a href="#ref_repository">repository</a>.git</tt> <a href="#ref_directory">directory</a>
\r
290 instead, and no other files are present and checked out. Usually
\r
291 publishers of public repositories make bare repositories available.
\r
295 <a id="ref_blob_object"></a>blob object
\r
299 Untyped <a href="#ref_object">object</a>, e.g. the contents of a file.
\r
303 <a id="ref_branch"></a>branch
\r
307 A non-cyclical graph of revisions, i.e. the complete history of a
\r
308 particular <a href="#ref_revision">revision</a>, which is called the
\r
309 <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> <a href="#ref_head">head</a>. The <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> heads
\r
310 are stored in <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/</tt>.
\r
314 <a id="ref_cache"></a>cache
\r
318 Obsolete for: <a href="#ref_index">index</a>.
\r
322 <a id="ref_chain"></a>chain
\r
326 A list of objects, where each <a href="#ref_object">object</a> in the list contains
\r
327 a reference to its successor (for example, the successor of a
\r
328 <a href="#ref_commit">commit</a> could be one of its parents).
\r
332 <a id="ref_changeset"></a>changeset
\r
336 BitKeeper/cvsps speak for "<a href="#ref_commit">commit</a>". Since git does not
\r
337 store changes, but states, it really does not make sense to use the term
\r
338 "changesets" with git.
\r
342 <a id="ref_checkout"></a>checkout
\r
346 The action of updating the <a href="#ref_working_tree">working tree</a> to a
\r
347 <a href="#ref_revision">revision</a> which was stored in the
\r
348 <a href="#ref_object_database">object database</a>.
\r
352 <a id="ref_cherry-picking"></a>cherry-picking
\r
356 In <a href="#ref_SCM">SCM</a> jargon, "cherry pick" means to choose a subset of
\r
357 changes out of a series of changes (typically commits) and record them
\r
358 as a new series of changes on top of different codebase. In GIT, this is
\r
359 performed by "git cherry-pick" command to extract the change introduced
\r
360 by an existing <a href="#ref_commit">commit</a> and to record it based on the tip
\r
361 of the current <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> as a new <a href="#ref_commit">commit</a>.
\r
365 <a id="ref_clean"></a>clean
\r
369 A <a href="#ref_working_tree">working tree</a> is <a href="#ref_clean">clean</a>, if it
\r
370 corresponds to the <a href="#ref_revision">revision</a> referenced by the current
\r
371 <a href="#ref_head">head</a>. Also see "<a href="#ref_dirty">dirty</a>".
\r
375 <a id="ref_commit"></a>commit
\r
379 As a verb: The action of storing the current state of the
\r
380 <a href="#ref_index">index</a> in the <a href="#ref_object_database">object database</a>. The
\r
381 result is a <a href="#ref_revision">revision</a>. As a noun: Short hand for
\r
382 <a href="#ref_commit_object">commit object</a>.
\r
386 <a id="ref_commit_object"></a>commit object
\r
390 An <a href="#ref_object">object</a> which contains the information about a
\r
391 particular <a href="#ref_revision">revision</a>, such as parents, committer,
\r
392 author, date and the <a href="#ref_tree_object">tree object</a> which corresponds
\r
393 to the top <a href="#ref_directory">directory</a> of the stored
\r
394 <a href="#ref_revision">revision</a>.
\r
398 <a id="ref_core_git"></a>core git
\r
402 Fundamental data structures and utilities of git. Exposes only limited
\r
403 source code management tools.
\r
407 <a id="ref_DAG"></a>DAG
\r
411 Directed acyclic graph. The <a href="#ref_commit">commit</a> objects form a
\r
412 directed acyclic graph, because they have parents (directed), and the
\r
413 graph of <a href="#ref_commit">commit</a> objects is acyclic (there is no
\r
414 <a href="#ref_chain">chain</a> which begins and ends with the same
\r
415 <a href="#ref_object">object</a>).
\r
419 <a id="ref_dircache"></a>dircache
\r
423 You are <strong>waaaaay</strong> behind.
\r
427 <a id="ref_directory"></a>directory
\r
431 The list you get with "ls" :-)
\r
435 <a id="ref_dirty"></a>dirty
\r
439 A <a href="#ref_working_tree">working tree</a> is said to be <a href="#ref_dirty">dirty</a> if
\r
440 it contains modifications which have not been committed to the current
\r
441 <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>.
\r
445 <a id="ref_ent"></a>ent
\r
449 Favorite synonym to "<a href="#ref_tree-ish">tree-ish</a>" by some total geeks. See
\r
450 <tt>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent_(Middle-earth)</tt> for an in-depth
\r
455 <a id="ref_fast_forward"></a>fast forward
\r
459 A fast-forward is a special type of <a href="#ref_merge">merge</a> where you have a
\r
460 <a href="#ref_revision">revision</a> and you are "merging" another
\r
461 <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>'s changes that happen to be a descendant of what
\r
462 you have. In such these cases, you do not make a new <a href="#ref_merge">merge</a>
\r
463 <a href="#ref_commit">commit</a> but instead just update to his
\r
464 <a href="#ref_revision">revision</a>. This will happen frequently on a
\r
465 <a href="#ref_tracking_branch">tracking branch</a> of a remote
\r
466 <a href="#ref_repository">repository</a>.
\r
470 <a id="ref_fetch"></a>fetch
\r
474 Fetching a <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> means to get the
\r
475 <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>'s <a href="#ref_head_ref">head ref</a> from a remote
\r
476 <a href="#ref_repository">repository</a>, to find out which objects are missing
\r
477 from the local <a href="#ref_object_database">object database</a>, and to get them,
\r
482 <a id="ref_file_system"></a>file system
\r
486 Linus Torvalds originally designed git to be a user space file system,
\r
487 i.e. the infrastructure to hold files and directories. That ensured the
\r
488 efficiency and speed of git.
\r
492 <a id="ref_git_archive"></a>git archive
\r
496 Synonym for <a href="#ref_repository">repository</a> (for arch people).
\r
500 <a id="ref_hash"></a>hash
\r
504 In git's context, synonym to <a href="#ref_object_name">object name</a>.
\r
508 <a id="ref_head"></a>head
\r
512 The top of a <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>. It contains a <a href="#ref_ref">ref</a> to the
\r
513 corresponding <a href="#ref_commit_object">commit object</a>.
\r
517 <a id="ref_head_ref"></a>head ref
\r
521 A <a href="#ref_ref">ref</a> pointing to a <a href="#ref_head">head</a>. Often, this is
\r
522 abbreviated to "<a href="#ref_head">head</a>". Head refs are stored in
\r
523 <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/</tt>.
\r
527 <a id="ref_hook"></a>hook
\r
531 During the normal execution of several git commands, call-outs are made
\r
532 to optional scripts that allow a developer to add functionality or
\r
533 checking. Typically, the hooks allow for a command to be pre-verified
\r
534 and potentially aborted, and allow for a post-notification after the
\r
535 operation is done. The <a href="#ref_hook">hook</a> scripts are found in the
\r
536 <tt>$GIT_DIR/hooks/</tt> <a href="#ref_directory">directory</a>, and are enabled by simply
\r
537 making them executable.
\r
541 <a id="ref_index"></a>index
\r
545 A collection of files with stat information, whose contents are stored
\r
546 as objects. The <a href="#ref_index">index</a> is a stored version of your working
\r
547 <a href="#ref_tree">tree</a>. Truth be told, it can also contain a second, and even
\r
548 a third version of a <a href="#ref_working_tree">working tree</a>, which are used
\r
553 <a id="ref_index_entry"></a>index entry
\r
557 The information regarding a particular file, stored in the
\r
558 <a href="#ref_index">index</a>. An <a href="#ref_index_entry">index entry</a> can be unmerged,
\r
559 if a <a href="#ref_merge">merge</a> was started, but not yet finished (i.e. if the
\r
560 <a href="#ref_index">index</a> contains multiple versions of that file).
\r
564 <a id="ref_master"></a>master
\r
568 The default development <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>. Whenever you create a git
\r
569 <a href="#ref_repository">repository</a>, a <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> named
\r
570 "<a href="#ref_master">master</a>" is created, and becomes the active
\r
571 <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>. In most cases, this contains the local
\r
572 development, though that is purely conventional and not required.
\r
576 <a id="ref_merge"></a>merge
\r
580 To <a href="#ref_merge">merge</a> branches means to try to accumulate the changes
\r
581 since a common ancestor and apply them to the first
\r
582 <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>. An automatic <a href="#ref_merge">merge</a> uses heuristics
\r
583 to accomplish that. Evidently, an automatic <a href="#ref_merge">merge</a> can
\r
588 <a id="ref_object"></a>object
\r
592 The unit of storage in git. It is uniquely identified by the
\r
593 <a href="#ref_SHA1">SHA1</a> of its contents. Consequently, an
\r
594 <a href="#ref_object">object</a> can not be changed.
\r
598 <a id="ref_object_database"></a>object database
\r
602 Stores a set of "objects", and an individual <a href="#ref_object">object</a> is
\r
603 identified by its <a href="#ref_object_name">object name</a>. The objects usually
\r
604 live in <tt>$GIT_DIR/objects/</tt>.
\r
608 <a id="ref_object_identifier"></a>object identifier
\r
612 Synonym for <a href="#ref_object_name">object name</a>.
\r
616 <a id="ref_object_name"></a>object name
\r
620 The unique identifier of an <a href="#ref_object">object</a>. The <a href="#ref_hash">hash</a>
\r
621 of the <a href="#ref_object">object</a>'s contents using the Secure Hash Algorithm
\r
622 1 and usually represented by the 40 character hexadecimal encoding of
\r
623 the <a href="#ref_hash">hash</a> of the <a href="#ref_object">object</a> (possibly followed by
\r
628 <a id="ref_octopus"></a>octopus
\r
632 To <a href="#ref_merge">merge</a> more than two branches. Also denotes an
\r
633 intelligent predator.
\r
637 <a id="ref_origin"></a>origin
\r
641 The default upstream <a href="#ref_tracking_branch">tracking branch</a>. Most
\r
642 projects have at least one upstream project which they track. By default
\r
643 <em><a href="#ref_origin">origin</a></em> is used for that purpose. New upstream updates
\r
644 will be fetched into this <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>; you should never
\r
645 <a href="#ref_commit">commit</a> to it yourself.
\r
649 <a id="ref_pack"></a>pack
\r
653 A set of objects which have been compressed into one file (to save space
\r
654 or to transmit them efficiently).
\r
658 <a id="ref_pack_index"></a>pack index
\r
662 The list of identifiers, and other information, of the objects in a
\r
663 <a href="#ref_pack">pack</a>, to assist in efficiently accessing the contents of a
\r
664 <a href="#ref_pack">pack</a>.
\r
668 <a id="ref_parent"></a>parent
\r
672 A <a href="#ref_commit_object">commit object</a> contains a (possibly empty) list
\r
673 of the logical predecessor(s) in the line of development, i.e. its
\r
678 <a id="ref_pickaxe"></a>pickaxe
\r
682 The term <a href="#ref_pickaxe">pickaxe</a> refers to an option to the diffcore
\r
683 routines that help select changes that add or delete a given text
\r
684 string. With the —<a href="#ref_pickaxe">pickaxe</a>-all option, it can be used to
\r
685 view the full <a href="#ref_changeset">changeset</a> that introduced or removed,
\r
686 say, a particular line of text. See <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>.
\r
690 <a id="ref_plumbing"></a>plumbing
\r
694 Cute name for <a href="#ref_core_git">core git</a>.
\r
698 <a id="ref_porcelain"></a>porcelain
\r
702 Cute name for programs and program suites depending on
\r
703 <a href="#ref_core_git">core git</a>, presenting a high level access to
\r
704 <a href="#ref_core_git">core git</a>. Porcelains expose more of a <a href="#ref_SCM">SCM</a>
\r
705 interface than the <a href="#ref_plumbing">plumbing</a>.
\r
709 <a id="ref_pull"></a>pull
\r
713 Pulling a <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> means to <a href="#ref_fetch">fetch</a> it and
\r
714 <a href="#ref_merge">merge</a> it.
\r
718 <a id="ref_push"></a>push
\r
722 Pushing a <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> means to get the <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>'s
\r
723 <a href="#ref_head_ref">head ref</a> from a remote <a href="#ref_repository">repository</a>,
\r
724 find out if it is an ancestor to the <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>'s local
\r
725 <a href="#ref_head_ref">head ref</a> is a direct, and in that case, putting all
\r
726 objects, which are <a href="#ref_reachable">reachable</a> from the local
\r
727 <a href="#ref_head_ref">head ref</a>, and which are missing from the remote
\r
728 <a href="#ref_repository">repository</a>, into the remote
\r
729 <a href="#ref_object_database">object database</a>, and updating the remote
\r
730 <a href="#ref_head_ref">head ref</a>. If the remote <a href="#ref_head">head</a> is not an
\r
731 ancestor to the local <a href="#ref_head">head</a>, the <a href="#ref_push">push</a> fails.
\r
735 <a id="ref_reachable"></a>reachable
\r
739 An <a href="#ref_object">object</a> is <a href="#ref_reachable">reachable</a> from a
\r
740 <a href="#ref_ref">ref</a>/<a href="#ref_commit">commit</a>/<a href="#ref_tree">tree</a>/<a href="#ref_tag">tag</a>,
\r
741 if there is a <a href="#ref_chain">chain</a> leading from the latter to the former.
\r
745 <a id="ref_rebase"></a>rebase
\r
749 To <a href="#ref_clean">clean</a> a <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> by starting from the
\r
750 <a href="#ref_head">head</a> of the main line of development
\r
751 ("<a href="#ref_master">master</a>"), and reapply the (possibly cherry-picked)
\r
752 changes from that <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>.
\r
756 <a id="ref_ref"></a>ref
\r
760 A 40-byte hex representation of a <a href="#ref_SHA1">SHA1</a> or a name that
\r
761 denotes a particular <a href="#ref_object">object</a>. These may be stored in
\r
762 <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/</tt>.
\r
766 <a id="ref_refspec"></a>refspec
\r
770 A <a href="#ref_refspec">refspec</a> is used by <a href="#ref_fetch">fetch</a> and
\r
771 <a href="#ref_push">push</a> to describe the mapping between remote <a href="#ref_ref">ref</a>
\r
772 and local <a href="#ref_ref">ref</a>. They are combined with a colon in the format
\r
773 <src>:<dst>, preceded by an optional plus sign, +. For example: <tt>git
\r
774 <a href="#ref_fetch">fetch</a> $URL
\r
775 refs/heads/<a href="#ref_master">master</a>:refs/heads/<a href="#ref_origin">origin</a></tt> means
\r
776 "grab the <a href="#ref_master">master</a> <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> <a href="#ref_head">head</a>
\r
777 from the $URL and store it as my <a href="#ref_origin">origin</a>
\r
778 <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> <a href="#ref_head">head</a>". And <tt>git <a href="#ref_push">push</a>
\r
779 $URL refs/heads/<a href="#ref_master">master</a>:refs/heads/to-upstream</tt> means
\r
780 "publish my <a href="#ref_master">master</a> <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a>
\r
781 <a href="#ref_head">head</a> as to-upstream <a href="#ref_master">master</a> <a href="#ref_head">head</a>
\r
782 at $URL". See also <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>
\r
786 <a id="ref_repository"></a>repository
\r
790 A collection of refs together with an <a href="#ref_object_database">object database</a> containing all objects, which are <a href="#ref_reachable">reachable</a>
\r
791 from the refs, possibly accompanied by meta data from one or more
\r
792 porcelains. A <a href="#ref_repository">repository</a> can share an
\r
793 <a href="#ref_object_database">object database</a> with other repositories.
\r
797 <a id="ref_resolve"></a>resolve
\r
801 The action of fixing up manually what a failed automatic
\r
802 <a href="#ref_merge">merge</a> left behind.
\r
806 <a id="ref_revision"></a>revision
\r
810 A particular state of files and directories which was stored in the
\r
811 <a href="#ref_object_database">object database</a>. It is referenced by a
\r
812 <a href="#ref_commit_object">commit object</a>.
\r
816 <a id="ref_rewind"></a>rewind
\r
820 To throw away part of the development, i.e. to assign the
\r
821 <a href="#ref_head">head</a> to an earlier <a href="#ref_revision">revision</a>.
\r
825 <a id="ref_SCM"></a>SCM
\r
829 Source code management (tool).
\r
833 <a id="ref_SHA1"></a>SHA1
\r
837 Synonym for <a href="#ref_object_name">object name</a>.
\r
841 <a id="ref_tag"></a>tag
\r
845 A <a href="#ref_ref">ref</a> pointing to a <a href="#ref_tag">tag</a> or
\r
846 <a href="#ref_commit_object">commit object</a>. In contrast to a <a href="#ref_head">head</a>,
\r
847 a <a href="#ref_tag">tag</a> is not changed by a <a href="#ref_commit">commit</a>. Tags (not
\r
848 <a href="#ref_tag">tag</a> objects) are stored in <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/</tt>. A git
\r
849 <a href="#ref_tag">tag</a> has nothing to do with a Lisp <a href="#ref_tag">tag</a> (which is
\r
850 called <a href="#ref_object">object</a> type in git's context). A <a href="#ref_tag">tag</a>
\r
851 is most typically used to mark a particular point in the
\r
852 <a href="#ref_commit">commit</a> ancestry <a href="#ref_chain">chain</a>.
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856 <a id="ref_tag_object"></a>tag object
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860 An <a href="#ref_object">object</a> containing a <a href="#ref_ref">ref</a> pointing to
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861 another <a href="#ref_object">object</a>, which can contain a message just like a
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862 <a href="#ref_commit_object">commit object</a>. It can also contain a (PGP)
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863 signature, in which case it is called a "signed <a href="#ref_tag_object">tag object</a>".
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867 <a id="ref_topic_branch"></a>topic branch
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871 A regular git <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> that is used by a developer to
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872 identify a conceptual line of development. Since branches are very easy
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873 and inexpensive, it is often desirable to have several small branches
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874 that each contain very well defined concepts or small incremental yet
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879 <a id="ref_tracking_branch"></a>tracking branch
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883 A regular git <a href="#ref_branch">branch</a> that is used to follow changes from
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884 another <a href="#ref_repository">repository</a>. A <a href="#ref_tracking_branch">tracking branch</a> should not contain direct modifications or have local commits
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885 made to it. A <a href="#ref_tracking_branch">tracking branch</a> can usually be
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886 identified as the right-hand-side <a href="#ref_ref">ref</a> in a Pull:
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887 <a href="#ref_refspec">refspec</a>.
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891 <a id="ref_tree"></a>tree
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895 Either a <a href="#ref_working_tree">working tree</a>, or a <a href="#ref_tree_object">tree object</a> together with the dependent blob and <a href="#ref_tree">tree</a> objects
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896 (i.e. a stored representation of a <a href="#ref_working_tree">working tree</a>).
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900 <a id="ref_tree_object"></a>tree object
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904 An <a href="#ref_object">object</a> containing a list of file names and modes along
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905 with refs to the associated blob and/or <a href="#ref_tree">tree</a> objects. A
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906 <a href="#ref_tree">tree</a> is equivalent to a <a href="#ref_directory">directory</a>.
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910 <a id="ref_tree-ish"></a>tree-ish
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914 A <a href="#ref_ref">ref</a> pointing to either a <a href="#ref_commit_object">commit object</a>, a <a href="#ref_tree_object">tree object</a>, or a <a href="#ref_tag_object">tag object</a> pointing to a <a href="#ref_tag">tag</a> or <a href="#ref_commit">commit</a> or
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915 <a href="#ref_tree_object">tree object</a>.
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919 <a id="ref_working_tree"></a>working tree
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923 The set of files and directories currently being worked on, i.e. you can
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924 work in your <a href="#ref_working_tree">working tree</a> without using git at all.
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931 <div class="sectionbody">
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932 <p>Written by Johannes Schindelin <Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de> and
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933 the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.</p>
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936 <div class="sectionbody">
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937 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git</a> suite</p>
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940 <div id="footer-text">
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941 Last updated 04-May-2006 08:01:37 UTC
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