6 git - the stupid content tracker
11 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
15 'git' is both a program and a directory content tracker system.
16 The program 'git' is just a wrapper to reach the core git programs
17 (or a potty if you like, as it's not exactly porcelain but still
18 brings your stuff to the plumbing).
23 prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
26 prints the synopsis and a list of available commands.
27 If a git command is named this option will bring up the
28 man-page for that command.
31 path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
32 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
33 environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print
34 the current setting and then exit.
37 NOT LEARNING CORE GIT COMMANDS
38 ------------------------------
40 This manual is intended to give complete background information
41 and internal workings of git, which may be too much for most
42 people. The <<Discussion>> section below contains much useful
43 definition and clarification - read that first.
45 If you are interested in using git to manage (version control)
46 projects, use link:everyday.html[Everyday GIT] as a guide to the
47 minimum set of commands you need to know for day-to-day work.
48 Most likely, that will get you started, and you can go a long
49 way without knowing the low level details too much.
51 The link:tutorial.html[tutorial] document covers how things
54 If you are migrating from CVS, link:cvs-migration.html[cvs
55 migration] document may be helpful after you finish the
58 After you get the general feel from the tutorial and this
59 overview page, you may want to take a look at the
60 link:howto-index.html[howto] documents.
66 If you are writing your own Porcelain, you need to be familiar
67 with most of the low level commands --- I suggest starting from
68 gitlink:git-update-index[1] and gitlink:git-read-tree[1].
73 The git commands can helpfully be split into those that manipulate
74 the repository, the index and the files in the working tree, those that
75 interrogate and compare them, and those that moves objects and
76 references between repositories.
78 In addition, git itself comes with a spartan set of porcelain
79 commands. They are usable but are not meant to compete with real
82 There are also some ancillary programs that can be viewed as useful
83 aids for using the core commands but which are unlikely to be used by
84 SCMs layered over git.
88 gitlink:git-apply[1]::
89 Reads a "diff -up1" or git generated patch file and
90 applies it to the working tree.
92 gitlink:git-checkout-index[1]::
93 Copy files from the index to the working tree.
95 gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]::
96 Creates a new commit object.
98 gitlink:git-hash-object[1]::
99 Computes the object ID from a file.
101 gitlink:git-index-pack[1]::
102 Build pack idx file for an existing packed archive.
104 gitlink:git-init-db[1]::
105 Creates an empty git object database, or reinitialize an
108 gitlink:git-merge-index[1]::
109 Runs a merge for files needing merging.
111 gitlink:git-mktag[1]::
112 Creates a tag object.
114 gitlink:git-pack-objects[1]::
115 Creates a packed archive of objects.
117 gitlink:git-prune-packed[1]::
118 Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
120 gitlink:git-read-tree[1]::
121 Reads tree information into the index.
123 gitlink:git-repo-config[1]::
124 Get and set options in .git/config.
126 gitlink:git-unpack-objects[1]::
127 Unpacks objects out of a packed archive.
129 gitlink:git-update-index[1]::
130 Registers files in the working tree to the index.
132 gitlink:git-write-tree[1]::
133 Creates a tree from the index.
136 Interrogation commands
137 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
139 gitlink:git-cat-file[1]::
140 Provide content or type/size information for repository objects.
142 gitlink:git-describe[1]::
143 Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit.
145 gitlink:git-diff-index[1]::
146 Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository.
148 gitlink:git-diff-files[1]::
149 Compares files in the working tree and the index.
151 gitlink:git-diff-stages[1]::
152 Compares two "merge stages" in the index.
154 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]::
155 Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
157 gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1]::
158 Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
160 gitlink:git-ls-files[1]::
161 Information about files in the index and the working tree.
163 gitlink:git-ls-tree[1]::
164 Displays a tree object in human readable form.
166 gitlink:git-merge-base[1]::
167 Finds as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
169 gitlink:git-name-rev[1]::
170 Find symbolic names for given revs.
172 gitlink:git-pack-redundant[1]::
173 Find redundant pack files.
175 gitlink:git-rev-list[1]::
176 Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
178 gitlink:git-show-index[1]::
179 Displays contents of a pack idx file.
181 gitlink:git-tar-tree[1]::
182 Creates a tar archive of the files in the named tree object.
184 gitlink:git-unpack-file[1]::
185 Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents.
188 Displays a git logical variable.
190 gitlink:git-verify-pack[1]::
191 Validates packed git archive files.
193 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
197 Synching repositories
198 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
200 gitlink:git-clone-pack[1]::
201 Clones a repository into the current repository (engine
202 for ssh and local transport).
204 gitlink:git-fetch-pack[1]::
205 Updates from a remote repository (engine for ssh and
208 gitlink:git-http-fetch[1]::
209 Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP by walking
212 gitlink:git-local-fetch[1]::
213 Duplicates another git repository on a local system by
214 walking commit chain.
216 gitlink:git-peek-remote[1]::
217 Lists references on a remote repository using
218 upload-pack protocol (engine for ssh and local
221 gitlink:git-receive-pack[1]::
222 Invoked by 'git-send-pack' to receive what is pushed to it.
224 gitlink:git-send-pack[1]::
225 Pushes to a remote repository, intelligently.
227 gitlink:git-http-push[1]::
228 Push missing objects using HTTP/DAV.
230 gitlink:git-shell[1]::
231 Restricted shell for GIT-only SSH access.
233 gitlink:git-ssh-fetch[1]::
234 Pulls from a remote repository over ssh connection by
235 walking commit chain.
237 gitlink:git-ssh-upload[1]::
238 Helper "server-side" program used by git-ssh-fetch.
240 gitlink:git-update-server-info[1]::
241 Updates auxiliary information on a dumb server to help
242 clients discover references and packs on it.
244 gitlink:git-upload-pack[1]::
245 Invoked by 'git-clone-pack' and 'git-fetch-pack' to push
249 Porcelain-ish Commands
250 ----------------------
253 Add paths to the index.
256 Apply patches from a mailbox, but cooler.
258 gitlink:git-applymbox[1]::
259 Apply patches from a mailbox, original version by Linus.
261 gitlink:git-bisect[1]::
262 Find the change that introduced a bug by binary search.
264 gitlink:git-branch[1]::
265 Create and Show branches.
267 gitlink:git-checkout[1]::
268 Checkout and switch to a branch.
270 gitlink:git-cherry-pick[1]::
271 Cherry-pick the effect of an existing commit.
273 gitlink:git-clone[1]::
274 Clones a repository into a new directory.
276 gitlink:git-commit[1]::
277 Record changes to the repository.
279 gitlink:git-diff[1]::
280 Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
282 gitlink:git-fetch[1]::
283 Download from a remote repository via various protocols.
285 gitlink:git-format-patch[1]::
286 Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
288 gitlink:git-grep[1]::
289 Print lines matching a pattern.
294 gitlink:git-ls-remote[1]::
295 Shows references in a remote or local repository.
297 gitlink:git-merge[1]::
298 Grand unified merge driver.
301 Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
303 gitlink:git-pull[1]::
304 Fetch from and merge with a remote repository.
306 gitlink:git-push[1]::
307 Update remote refs along with associated objects.
309 gitlink:git-rebase[1]::
310 Rebase local commits to the updated upstream head.
312 gitlink:git-repack[1]::
313 Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
315 gitlink:git-reset[1]::
316 Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
318 gitlink:git-resolve[1]::
321 gitlink:git-revert[1]::
322 Revert an existing commit.
324 gitlink:git-shortlog[1]::
325 Summarizes 'git log' output.
327 gitlink:git-show-branch[1]::
328 Show branches and their commits.
330 gitlink:git-status[1]::
331 Shows the working tree status.
333 gitlink:git-verify-tag[1]::
334 Check the GPG signature of tag.
336 gitlink:git-whatchanged[1]::
337 Shows commit logs and differences they introduce.
344 gitlink:git-applypatch[1]::
345 Apply one patch extracted from an e-mail.
347 gitlink:git-archimport[1]::
348 Import an arch repository into git.
350 gitlink:git-convert-objects[1]::
351 Converts old-style git repository.
353 gitlink:git-cvsimport[1]::
354 Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
356 gitlink:git-cvsexportcommit[1]::
357 Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
359 gitlink:git-lost-found[1]::
360 Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
362 gitlink:git-merge-one-file[1]::
363 The standard helper program to use with `git-merge-index`.
365 gitlink:git-prune[1]::
366 Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database.
368 gitlink:git-relink[1]::
369 Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
371 gitlink:git-svnimport[1]::
372 Import a SVN repository into git.
374 gitlink:git-sh-setup[1]::
375 Common git shell script setup code.
377 gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
378 Read and modify symbolic refs.
381 An example script to create a tag object signed with GPG.
383 gitlink:git-update-ref[1]::
384 Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
389 gitlink:git-check-ref-format[1]::
390 Make sure ref name is well formed.
392 gitlink:git-cherry[1]::
393 Find commits not merged upstream.
395 gitlink:git-count-objects[1]::
396 Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
398 gitlink:git-daemon[1]::
399 A really simple server for git repositories.
401 gitlink:git-get-tar-commit-id[1]::
402 Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-tar-tree.
404 gitlink:git-mailinfo[1]::
405 Extracts patch and authorship information from a single
406 e-mail message, optionally transliterating the commit
409 gitlink:git-mailsplit[1]::
410 A stupid program to split UNIX mbox format mailbox into
411 individual pieces of e-mail.
413 gitlink:git-patch-id[1]::
414 Compute unique ID for a patch.
416 gitlink:git-parse-remote[1]::
417 Routines to help parsing `$GIT_DIR/remotes/` files.
419 gitlink:git-request-pull[1]::
422 gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]::
423 Pick out and massage parameters.
425 gitlink:git-send-email[1]::
426 Send patch e-mails out of "format-patch --mbox" output.
428 gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
429 Read and modify symbolic refs.
431 gitlink:git-stripspace[1]::
432 Filter out empty lines.
435 Commands not yet documented
436 ---------------------------
439 The gitk repository browser.
442 Configuration Mechanism
443 -----------------------
445 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
446 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
447 simple text file modelled after `.ini` format familiar to some
448 people. Here is an example:
452 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
457 ; Don't trust file modes
462 name = "Junio C Hamano"
463 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
467 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
468 their operation accordingly.
471 Identifier Terminology
472 ----------------------
474 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
477 Indicates a blob object name.
480 Indicates a tree object name.
483 Indicates a commit object name.
486 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
487 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
488 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
489 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
492 Indicates that an object type is required.
493 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
496 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
497 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
501 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
505 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
506 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
510 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
514 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
517 a valid snapshot 'name'
518 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/snap/<snap>`).
521 File/Directory Structure
522 ------------------------
524 Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
526 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
532 Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
535 Environment Variables
536 ---------------------
537 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
541 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
542 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
543 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
546 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
547 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
550 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
551 If the object storage directory is specified via this
552 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
553 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
556 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
557 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
558 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
559 specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
560 can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
561 written to these directories.
564 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
565 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
566 for the base of the repository.
573 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
574 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
575 see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]
580 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
581 see the "generating patches" section in :
582 gitlink:git-diff-index[1];
583 gitlink:git-diff-files[1];
584 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]
586 Discussion[[Discussion]]
587 ------------------------
592 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
593 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>.
594 * The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
595 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
599 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
600 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
601 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
605 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite